大家今天要谈的话题是 efficiency － 效率。
经济学家觉得，单纯就市场机制本身来讲，它应该能有效率地分配宝贵的资源。那样什么是效率呢？澳大利亚新南威尔士大学习管理学教授弗莱德希尔莫总结了如此几种基本的效率：
1 productive efficiency 生产效率，讲的是怎么样生产的问题，一般要以最低本钱来获得最好的效率2 allocative efficiency 配置效率，生产何种商品，怎么样分配人力物力资源3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率，改革革新、适应买家对商品和服务需要的改变
希尔莫教授对这几种效率作了如此的讲解：
The simplest is what we call productive efficiency. I make bricks. When I make bricks, how can I make the brick with the lowest amount of energy, the lowest amount of materials and the lowest amount of labour? And that's productive efficiency. So I'm the most efficient brick producer if I can make the cheapest brick.
希尔莫教授说，最基本的效率是一般所说的 生产效率。譬如我生产砖，要考虑在制砖时如何只消耗最低限度的能源、最低限度的材料和最低限度的劳动力。这就是生产效率。假如我可以生产本钱最低的砖，我就是效果最好率的制砖工人。
The second form of efficiency is what's called allocative efficiency, which is where I allocate1 the resource to the activity which earns the highest return.
第二种形式的效率是大家所称的配置效率，就是说要把人力物力资源投入盈利最高的生产活动中。
The third kind of efficiency is dynamic efficiency and that would occur where the world is changing and I'm not the best producer of bricks. But I am actually very good at designing innovative2 bricks - bricks that lock together in ways that make it easier for builders, bricks with colours and textures3 that consumers like, that the builder who wants a bit of flair4 will strive for. And so I could be dynamically very efficient and actually get a higher price for my bricks.
第三种效率是动态效率。世界在不断变化，我不是最好的制砖工人，但我事实上非常善于设计具备革新意味的砖，譬如砖与砖结合在一块的方法使建筑工人工作起来更简单便捷、砖的颜色和纹路更受客户欢迎，那些想有的变化的建筑工都想用。因此我会获得出色的动态效率，卖出比较高的价格。
下面大家再听一遍澳大利亚新南威尔士大学习管理学教授希尔莫谈话的全文。（略）
大家再复习一遍希尔莫教授提到的三种效率的英文：
1 productive efficiency 生产效率2 allocative efficiency 配置效率3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率
希尔莫教授下面又就澳大利亚现在的生产效率状况谈了他的怎么看。他说：
Today in Australia I think that the allocative and the dynamic efficiency is much more important. I mean, we aren't going to be able to compete against low wage and low cosplayt countries by just making a cheaper brick. We have to come up with better designs, better quality, software and services that enhance our products. And when we talk about efficiency in those terms we tend to talk about dynamic efficiency and allocative efficiency.
希尔莫教授觉得，目前在澳大利亚，配置效率和动态效率更为要紧。由于澳大利亚人非常难在制造低本钱商品方面同低薪资和低本钱的国家角逐。因此澳大利亚需要要以更好的设计、更好的水平和软件与更好的服务来强化它的商品。在这样的情况下说到效率，总是 更多的是指动态效率和配置效率。
下面大家再听一遍希尔莫教授这段谈话的原文。（略）
澳洲广播电台金融节目主持人巴里克拉克对希尔莫教授的谈话作了补充。 他从生产什么、如何生产和为哪个生产这几个基本经济问题的角度讲解了效率问题。他还补充说，除去这三种基本的效率以外，还有一种效率，叫做 exchange efficiency，交换效率：
Technical or productive efficiency looks at the how we produce question and refers to the least cosplayt method, that is the least use of our resources. Allocative efficiency, or product-mix efficiency addresses the what we produce question and measures how well resources are allocated5 between the production of different goods and services. Dynamic efficiency focuses on innovation and measures how well a producer adapts to changes in consumers' tastes for different goods and services.
他说，技术或生产效率针对的是怎么样生产的问题，涉及的是本钱最低的生产办法。分配效率，或者称作多向生产效率，讲的是生产什么与衡量是不是在不同商品和服务之间适合地分配了资源。动态效率则重视于改革，衡量生产者能否追随客户对各种商品和服务兴趣的变化而改革我们的生产。
And there's another type of efficiency - what's referred to as exchange efficiency and this impacts on the for whom question. It may be efficient to price telephone services out of the reach of people in rural Autralia, but it is not equitable6 to do so. Exchange efficiency always involves a trade-off between equity7 and efficiency.
巴里克拉克说，还有另外一种效率，称作交换效率。它涉及的是为哪个生产的问题。在澳大利亚农村区域，假如把电话服务的价格提升到大家没办法承受的程度，或许会有经济效益，但如此做是不公平的。交换效率涉及的就是公平与效率之间的平衡问题。
目前大家再听一遍澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克的这段讲话。（略）
在结束这一讲之前，大家再复习一遍今天学到的有关效率的几个词：
1 productive efficiency 生产效率2 allocative efficiency 配置效率3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率4 exchange efficiency 交换效率
最后大家再听一遍澳大利亚新南威尔士大学习管理学教授希尔莫关于效率的谈话。（略）
这次由澳洲广播电台Radio Australia中文部为你制作的金融世界节目到这里就结束了，谢谢你的收听